Democracy And Democratic Education Education Essay

IntroductionWhen I worked in the Affiliated High School of National Chengchi University and watched the Forest School and The Seeding Experimental School in Taiwan, I found that in their particular securing environment, the students can accept and move all the more inventively and fundamentally. We can ever observe their originative stocks in the grounds, for example, section structures, postings, pictures and sculptures. Moreover, the schools are brimming with opportunity, respect, trust and handle, it is entirely expected to see their understudies suddenly singing and moving in grounds. Because of these intriguing discoveries, I began to ask myself a request: ‘are there any associations between the vote based feel and the understudy ‘s inventiveness? ‘ Further, ‘to what degree can the popularity based assault to training bolster increasingly originative obtaining? ‘ I later scanned for the writing about the two builds ; as a result, I discovered some s ignificant data about the associations between popularity based guidance and inventiveness. Nonetheless, it is uncommon to see the surveies that are straight look intoing the associations between the two instructive assaults ( vote based guidance and originative guidance ) , the rationale to carry on this review has thus developed. So as to go to the issue, this paper is intended to first research the idea of majority rule government, fair guidance, thus innovativeness and originative guidance. In the wake of examining those develops, this review goes to investigate the associations between just guidance and originative guidance, other than answering the request that ‘how can a majority rule assault to instruction bolster increasingly originative obtaining? ‘ This paper is sorted out into the undermentioned three developments: the primary region talks about majority rules system and popularity based guidance, while the second high spots the builds of innovativeness and originative guidance. In the third part, I primarily use Rhodes ( 1961 ) Four Ps Model ( Person, Place, Process and Products ) of innovativeness to break down/contrast the two sorts of assaults with guidance, supplementing with a treatment of two law based schools in Taiwan †the Forest School and the Seeding Experimental School.D emocracy and Democratic Education‘Two developments of grown-up male should absolutely be seen as the most hard: the specialty of specialists and the craft of guidance ‘ †Immanuel Kant, Kant on Education ( Ueber Padagogik ) Translated by Annette Churton ( 1992, p.12 ) Majority rule government can be applied to numerous specific circumstances, from barely political situation to freely close to home life. In political degree, Danziger ( 1998 ) expressed that vote based system is the pioneer of a state who is chosen by every single qualified resident, as echt alternatives to do some political conclusions for the masses. Vanhannen ( 1997 ) further contended that as a political signifier, vote based society should hold various gatherings or gatherings each piece viing for power, each piece great as to be capable to the individuals, through the way of decisions. John Calhoun ( reworded by Roper 1989 ) other than referenced that majority rules system itself is non a mass guideline however stand foring the open associations and simultaneously perceiving the minorities. On the different manus, sing vote based system as a feature of life, Dewey ( 1916 ) expressed that ‘Democracy is in excess of a signifier of specialists: it is mainly a way of related life, a conjoint imparted experience ‘ . It is simply to express that majority rule government can be viewed as a managing power for a state, and all the individuals can fall in for doing its corporate inclusions. In a similar way, holding the rights to do conclusions would perchance affect their lives each piece great. Sing equitable guidance ( in the future DE ) , it is accepted that to set up, keep and create of a vote based society, residents ‘ commitment is required, and taking to make this end residents ought to be furnished with the discernment and along these lines comprehend the estimations of vote based system, and guidance has ever been viewed as a decent mode. John Dewey, the male parent of dynamic guidance, put DE the premiss of his work in the mid twentieth century, as he asserted that so as to propel an express that really esteemed law based principles, the entirety of its residents must be engaged to indict in a vote based talk. Greene ( 1995 ) referenced in the book ‘Releasing the Imagination ‘ , suggesting that the impression of guidance is to interface with others, empowering individuals to grow high caliber of law based practices and to be informative in their social orders. Nussbaum ( 1997 ) expressed that individuals ought to be antiphonal to others so as to r aise their just accomplishments as residents. Hence guidance and tutoring, so as to encourage future residents the feeling of majority rule government, is taking an of import work ( Dewey 1916 ; Gutmann, 1987 ; 1999 ) . In the propensity of organizing DE, many have endeavored to do clear definition and happen its installed perspectives. Since DE is brimming with pluralism and multifaceted nature, after a long contention all through the past decennaries, an all things considered concurred definition has non been reached. Nonetheless, I found that DE acquires a large portion of the attributes of democracy[ 1 ]and have been referenced constantly, including a. opportunity of pick, b. equivalent dish, c. common obligation, d. respect and trust, and e. understudy focused securing. Sing the understandings made by DE related organizations, the thirteenth International Democratic Education Conference ( IDEC ) in Berlin 2005, plainly expressed their comprehension on DE that ‘in any instructive scene, juvenile individuals have the right: 1. to decide independently how, when, what, where and with whom they learn, and 2. to hold an equivalent part in the dynamic with respect to how their organizations †in exceptional their schools †are run, and which guidelines and faces, assuming any, are fundamental ( www.idec2005.org ) . ‘ On the different manus, the European Democratic Education Community ( EUDEC ) expressed that DE is ‘self-decided larning ‘ and ‘a larning network dependent on equity and regular respect ‘ ( www.eudec.org, 2012 ) . As the feature of equity, at the end of the day, equivalent dish, the guidance for low classification of the general public did non have open joining in and go something for the Commonwealth until the nineteenth century, when Leo Tolstoy established a school: just for the worker kids, where understudies are permitted to decide whether to come to class or tune in to the teachers ( trans. Leo Wiener, 1967 ) . Sing the finishing up feature of understudy focused securing, Moswela ( 2010 ) called attention to that it is a decent way of democratizing their school and schoolroom obtaining: ‘placing the students in the Center of learning typifies the standard of majority rule government ‘ . Learning is significant when subjects are applicable to the understudies ‘ inclusions, the idea that students can take what and how to investigate is that simply when they have thought process, they can effectively construct their ain perception. Some essential law based encounters are s ignificant in back uping students to show their thoughts and contemplations Democratic assault empowers understudies to discover their way of lives and requests, which ought to be viewed each piece conceded as a goal of guidance. So as to actualize these considerations, the law based schools have been set up in more than 30 states. The UK has for some time been viewed as the pioneer of law based tutoring, it is obvious that the most punctual vote based school that we have known, and still be, is Summerhill School.[ 2 ]It was established in Germany in 1921, and moved to England therefore on. The laminitis is A. S. Neill, a Scots teacher, who has composed a few books about the subject of majority rules system and vote based guidance, for example, That Dreadful School ( 1937 ) , and Hearts Not Heads in the School ( 1945 ) . Truth be told, the greater part of his books have later affected a considerable lot of the vote based schools established hence on. The school count as a popularity based network, which implies that the running of the school is led in the school gatherings that each individual in this school are accessible to go to each piece great as to decide in favor of the issues they tended to in the gat herings. Sudbury Valley School, on the different manus, is another kind of vote based school that established in the United States in 1968, which has been the hypothetical record for a figure of Sudbury schools freely around the universe. The hypothetical record has three essential creeds: a. instructive opportunity b. vote based organization, and c. individual obligation. Understudies are permitted uninhibitedly to set up their procurement plan, they accept that larning ought to be an individual endeavor that dependent on single contributions, however non important to be experienced through classs or standard course of study ( hypertext move convention:/www.sudval.org/index.html ) . In drumhead, there are different sorts of meanings of majority rule government and DE, all things considered, five subjects have been seen as vital to the two builds, including a. opportunity of pick, b. equivalent dish, c. common obligation and d. respect and trust. What's more, it ought to be noticed that all the components can loan to a more understudy focused acquisition.Creativity and Creative EducationAlbert Einstein one time said that ‘Creativity is knowledge holding happiness ‘ , it is accepted that innovativeness is something rather retaining and realistic, something kids ain since the extremely initial twenty-four hours they were conceived. ‘All kids are inventive people. The activity is the manner by which to remain an inventive individual one time he grows up. ‘ , said Pablo Picasso. Albeit numerous inventive people, writers and bookmans pushed the significance of innovativeness, it is as yet a rather subtle one to trap down for look into laborers. Inventiveness, like majority rules system, is loaded with pluralism and unpredictability ; subsequently, in light of the fact that it is exceptionally ha

Assignment 11Chapter10 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

11Chapter10 - Assignment Example Routine reports should be prepared and submitted on issues required by the association to help the association the board to take activities in the issues that are identified with every day issues of the business. The principle point of routine report is to make the administration mindful of the happenings inside the association, progress where there may be a deviation, and what sort of goals made related to tackling the issue. There are barely any issues related with routine detailing; one is that information gathered and submitted inside the association is neither finished nor precise to follow results or procedure execution over the whole association. Furthermore, deliberate assessment of information might be hit with difficulties because of irregularities (Meredith and Mantel, 2012). The primary motivation behind earned worth estimates the whole association execution by utilization of a total presentation measure which is the earned worth. The earned estimation of performed work for any assignment in progress is acquired by increasing the assessed percent physical fruition of errand for each undertaking by the arranged expense for those specific errands. The outcome ought to be the sum that may have been spent on the movement up to this point; this would then be able to be resembled with the genuine sum that has been spent (Meredith and Mantel, 2012). Having a summed up gauge of the percent finishing of any venture without sharp investigation of everything about work and undertakings units isn't reasonable in a

Walt Disney Company Case

Walt Disney Company Case Walt Disney Company Nov 15, 2018 in Coursework Walt Disney Company Introduction Founded in 1922, the Walt Disney has become one of the best worlds leading companies in the entertainment industry. In this century, the company operates on a higher level with over sixty thousand employees globally and many shareholders. Many factors have contributed to success and failures of this multinational corporation throughout the time of its becoming a worlds leading family entertaining business. The companys entrance barriers are relatively high since it has been able to find a unique niche in the entertainment industry. The company has managed to transcend against all odds and has achieve great growth over time. Certainly, the departments of research, finance, and marketing contributed in the development, which has been taking place. Primary Issues Facing the Company The primary threat to the company is always the external competition. Despite the fact that the niche in which the Disney Company is operating has a relatively high entrance barrier, the possibility of new competition emerging cannot be underestimated. There is a huge risk of strong competition in the network television and movie business areas. The Disney Company is considered the intruder in both areas, and this becomes even difficult for it to compete with other powerful rivals who have established themselves in the two areas. Facing with new figures and characters is also becoming a threat for the company though much less significant. Recently, many new figures in the cartoon business have been appearing every day throughout the world, on television and in theaters.

Study On Term Structure Of Interest Rates Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1753 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? The term structure of interest rates is an extremely important element in Finance. It is one of the most important indicators for pricing contingent claims, determining the cost of capital and managing financial risk. Interest rates may be used in an extensive variety of applications; such as investments, long term debt, determination of the cost of capital, measurement of credit risk, valuation of contingent claims as well as pricing, hedging and managing the risk of interest rate derivatives. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Study On Term Structure Of Interest Rates Finance Essay" essay for you Create order Furthermore; interest rates are used in the establishment of fiscal and monetary policies. Maturity plays also an important role as a determinant on interest rates; since this factor determines the length on a loan. Longer term loans imply higher interest rates than shorter term loans since a longer term implies higher future uncertainty of expected outcomes. Financial theory and asset pricing models state that as maturity increases the risk involved or assumed by investors is higher. Therefore; the expected returns should be greater. Consequently; investors would be interested in knowing elasticity estimates according to specific frequencies. As maturity increases the mean increases accordingly suggesting the existence of a term premium built on the term structure. Interest rates are frequently used in several additional applications; such as fixed income securities and interest rate derivatives. In both cases interest rates play a key role; since this component is utilized to determine the present value. Within the area of financial risk management, it is important to determine how a change in the level of interest rates will affect a specific asset. Interest rate derivatives allow for the possibility of hedging risk as a result of unpredictable shocks. Financial instruments are widely applied since they are able to explain how risk management maximizes shareholders wealth. Interest rate fluctuations create one of the most important determinants on bond prices. As interest rates fluctuate; bondholders are exposed to capital losses and gains. However; this exposure is only experienced when bondholders hold bonds only for a determined period of time. In the case when bonds are hold until maturity; there is no exposure to risk. In addition; it has been shown empirically that long term bonds are more sensitive to interest rate movements than short term bonds. THEORY AND LITERATURE REVIEW The price of a bond depends on the stochastic behavior of the current and future spot rates in the economy. As a result; bond prices must be a function of the current and future spot rates. Additionally; interest rates can not be constant, since that would imply predictability on bond prices. Moreover; constant interest rates may imply no volatility on the underlying assets. Consequently; the demand for any interest rate derivatives would reduce completely since all possible risk could be vanished. Therefore it is important to model the term structure of interest rate. Theories of Term Structure In order to be able to evaluate and understand correctly the term structure of interest rates; it is important to comprehend the different theories involved. It is required to understand how the spot rates or discount factors are determined; as well as to comprehend the explanations that determine the shape of the term structure of interest rates. According to Nelson (1972); the term structure of interest rates is determined mainly by two different theories, which are the liquidity preference theory and the preferred habitat theory. Moreover; Gibson, Lhabitant and Talay (2001) agree that the term structure of interest rates is mainly explained by three theories which analyze the relationship between interest rates of various maturities and the value of the term premium. These theories include the expectations hypothesis, the liquidity preference theory and the segmented market hypothesis. Liquidity Preference Hypothesis This theory was developed by Hicks. It predicts that a term premium may be obtained by capital invested in long term bonds because bond holders will require compensation for exposure to capital fluctuations. (Nelson; 1972) According to the liquidity preference theory, investors are risk averse, prefer short term maturities and will require a premium in order to commit in long term securities. Liquidity Preference Theory admits the importance of expected future spot rates but gives more importance to the effects of the risk preferences of market participants. This hypothesis states that risk aversion will cause forward rates to be greater than expected spot rates by an amount which increases with maturity. The term premium is the increment given to investors in order to hold longer term securities since those imply higher risk. Expectations hypothesis This theory gives increasing importance on the expected values of future spot rates. This theory states that bonds are priced so that the implied forward rates are equal to the expected spot rates. This hypothesis is characterized by two propositions. The first proposition states that the return on holding a long term bond to maturity is equal to the expected return on repeated investment in a series of short term bonds. On the second proposition; it is mentioned that the expected rate of return over the next holding period is the same for bonds of all maturities. According to the expectations theory, it is argued that the term structure of interest rates is driven by the investorsacirc;â‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ expectations on future spot rates; where the forward rate is an unbiased estimator of the future spot rate. The rate of return on a bond maturing at time should be equivalent to the geometric average of the expected short term rate from t to T. Preferred habitat theory This theory was developed by Modigliani and Sutch (1966). It states that market participants are assumed to have preferred maturity ranges but will decide to change their selected habitat if a enough term premium is offered. (Nelson; 1972) According to the preferred habitat theory, investors and borrowers have different specific time horizons .The institutional investors have different maturity needs that lead them to confine their security selections to specify maturity segments. This theory contends that the business environment along , with the legal and regulatory limitations tends to direct each type of financial institutions to allocate its resources to particular types of bonds with specific maturity characteristics. DATA CONSIDERATION For determining the term structure of interest rates we have taken most actively traded wholesale bond market data from NSE website using the bhavcopy. The data was taken from 9th August, 2010 to 23rd August, 2010. Firstly we have taken all the bonds the bonds from bhav copy of WDM from NSE website. This comprised of around 4300 bond list. Then we excluded all those bonds which have not been traded in last 15 days. The bonds have improper or incomplete data have also been removed. We were left with 132 different bonds which have been included in our study. Then those observations which have been found as outliers are further removed from our data sample. The final sample after removing outliers was of 99 bonds. METHODOLOGY Yield to maturity of all these government Coupon paying bonds is calculated. The term to maturity is also calculated. This is done by using the acirc;â‚ ¬Ã…“yieldacirc;â‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  function of excel. The term to maturity is calculated using the Day360 function of excel. Test for Normality was done for both YTM and TTM series. The Jacques Bera statistics was used to check the normality of data. Cooks distance is a commonly used estimate of the influence of a data point when doing least squares regression. Cooks distance measures the effect of deleting a given observation. Data points with large residuals (outliers) and/or high leverage may distort the outcome and accuracy of a regression. A large Cooks D indicates that excluding a case from computation of the regression statistics changes the coefficients substantially. There are different opinions regarding what cut-off values to use for spotting outliers: A simple operational guideline of Di gt; 1 has been sug gested. All values greater than 4/n where n is the number of our data sample can be removed as outliers. This method is used to remove the outliers in our regression. The outlier was removed using the SPSS software. (Files attached) The regressions using various models have been run between yield to maturity data and time to maturity data. The dependent variable was Yeild to maturity and independent variable was time to maturity. This was done in EVIEWS. (Files attached ) ANALYSIS Model Equation R2 White hetroscadacity Test Residual normality Linear Y = b0 + (b1 * t) 0.357 0.017 0.008 Log Y = b0 + (b1 * ln(t)). 0.553 0.28 0.034 Inverse Y = b0 + (b1 / t). 0.377 0.011 0.057 Quadratic Y = b0 + (b1 * t) + (b2 * t**2). 0.57 0.34 0.023 Cubic Y = b0 + (b1 * t) + (b2 * t**2) + (b3 * t**3). 0.57 0.607 0.024 Power ln(Y) = ln(b0) + (b1 * ln(t)) 0.545 0.078 0.001 Growth ln(Y) = b0 + (b1 * t). 0.34 0.01 0.00047 Sqrt YTM Y1/2 = b0 + (b1 * t) 0.35 0.013 0.0009 Sqrt TTM Y = b0 + (b1 * t1/2) 0.47 0.111 0.0275 Analysis Cubic and quadratic models both have an R2 of 0.57 and the power and log model have an R2 of 0.55. Quadratic model has white heteroscedasticity value of 0.34, cubic has 0.607 and log has 0.28. Considering the R2 and white heteroscedasticity, the best model is cubic model.The equation found out to be as: YTM = 0.06-0.0028*ttm+0.015*ttm^2+0.00014*ttm6^3 RESULT The equation of term structure of interest rates can help us to determine the coupon interest of new bonds which are to be raised by issuing authorities. This can also help us to compare and estimate the coupon payments for other corporate bonds by adding the additional risk premium to the ytm at that maturity. This also helps us to get a better idea of which all bonds needs to be used for investment portfolio. GRAPHS AND PLOTS Scatter Plot Linear Model Logarithmic Model Power Model Quadratic Model Cubic Model Power 4 Model LIMITATION Inflation rate, volatility, mean, spread between long and short term rates could have a significant impact on the term structure equations but we have considered that the price of bond have included all these effects, which can be further debated. There is no common and unified frame-work which could nest all available equations. The high end models like Nelson Siegel etc were tough to implement due to knowledge and exposure constraints. Corporate bonds though have been considered to have a certain risk premium over and above the government bonds which we have included in our study but this can be a further explored. SCOPE FOR FURTHER IMPROVEMENT The term structure for Interest rates equation can be improved using Splines and Knots. We have done some work on Splines in SAS but due to constraints of knowledge, the scope of improvement remains. There are few other models like Nelson-Seigel Model and Cox-Ingersoll-Ross model which can help us determine these equation better can also be implemented.

Protests Against the Vietnam War - 996 Words

James A. Baldwin once said, â€Å"The most dangerous creation of any society is the man who has nothing to lose† (BrainyQuote.com). In the 1960s, â€Å"the man† was youth across the country. The Vietnam war was in full force, and students across the country were in an outrage. Society needed an excuse to rebel against the boring and safe way of life they were used to; Vietnam gave them the excuse they needed. Teenagers from different universities came together and formed various organizations that protested the Vietnam war for many reasons. These reasons included protesting weapons and different tactics used in the war, and the reason the U.S. entered the war in the first place. These get-togethers had such a monumental impact on their way of†¦show more content†¦A capsule was drawn by Congressman Alexander Pirnie, any man born between 1944 and 1950 has their name in the capsule and if drawn, must participate in the war. This angered Americans because it was a gainst their will, and they felt as if the government was controlling every aspect of their life. Another reason American adults were against the war was because of the weapons and strategic tactics used in the war. As stated in â€Å"Weapons of the Vietnam War†, Weapons used in the Vietnam War were more mortifying than in any other war. The communist side (the Soviet Union) used not only your standardized weapons, but they also used toxic chemicals and explosives (History.com). South Vietnam was in real trouble, the American-manufactured weapons were no match to the devastating weapons that the communists used. Back at the homefront, people were horrified when they caught wind of what was happening out in battle, this egged on more protests. In accordance with â€Å"Vietnam War Protests†, The SDS organized more Anti-war marches and other protests after the United States retaliated on North Vietnam by beginning to bomb them (History.com). The cost of materials were goi ng up and it was getting more expensive to make the bombs and other weapons, the U.S. was putting a whole $25 billion a year into manufacturing these supplies. This upset Americans not just on a moral level anymore, but also on an economic level; the governmentShow MoreRelated The Vietnam War and the Protest Against It Essay3560 Words   |  15 Pagesboth in the Vietnam War and in the struggle to stop it. I learned that patriotism includes protest, not just military service.† The Vietnam War was a conflict that lasted from 1956-1975 which the United States participated in along with the South Vietnamese who fought against the Communist North Vietnamese. Many Americans strongly disapproved of the war which caused many protests and riots. The war lasted 25 years killing many people and eventually the North Vietnamese won. The Vietnam War was importantRead MoreThe Moratorium March 752 Words   |  4 PagesNovember 15, 1969, the Moratorium March against the Vietnam War commenced in Washington D.C. Pacifists and peace administrators carried banners which stated, †A Calvinist for peace, No more war, We want peace now,† and some carried placards bearing the name of soldiers that had died during the war (Leen). The placards that had names of fallen soldiers were first used on November 13, 1969 during the protest called â€Å"March against Death.† Two days after this protest, the â€Å"Moratorium March† began. ThisRead MoreVietnam War Protests1552 Words   |  6 Pages Vietnam War Protests Introduction How the Americans Got Involved During the Cold War, American political leadership was determined to slow the spread of communism wherever it could be slowed. 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The United States joined the Vietnam War in 1965, and by 1969 there were about 500,000 U.S. soldiers involved with the war. The war began to slow down in ‘73 w hen President Nixon pulled the American troops, and the long hard war ended in 1975 after the Communists seized control. The Vietnam war was considered wrongRead MoreThe Song Bring Em Home 1743 Words   |  7 Pages The song â€Å"Bring ‘em Home† was a protest song about the Vietnam War. The song was written and performed by Pete Seeger. Pete Seeger was born in May 3, 1919. Since birth Pete Seeger had a musical orientated childhood. His parents were both involved with music in some way. His father majored in musicology and his mother was a concert violinist. Pete became interested with music in his teenage years. Seeger went on to the Harvard University but later dropped out. â€Å"Pete met, traveled and performed withRead More Austrailas Involvment in the Vietnam War1048 Words   |  5 PagesWhy did Australia become involved in the Vietnam War? Australia first came involved in the Vietnam conflict in 1962 when the Australian Government sent a team of thirty army advisers to help train the South Vietnamese Army for its fight against the NLF guerrillas. At the same time a squadron of Royal Australian Air Force fighters were sent to nearby Thailand. While the alliance with the USA was becoming increasingly important, Australia still had strong ties with Britian. In January 1965, AustraliaRead MoreThe Anti-War and Hippie Movements1344 Words   |  5 Pageswas born in the midst of the Vietnam War. Many people protested against the Vietnam War and the horrors that many people saw on TV because of it. Many incidents triggered the Anti-War movement and the Hippie counter culture such as the growing United States involvement in Southern Vietnam, the gruesome images that the evening news showed uncensored, the draft that caused many thousands of men to lose their lives and their minds as the end result of the war. This war triggered a great sense of whatRead MoreEssay on Johnsons War: The Domino Effect1031 Words   |  5 PagesSpecial Forces in South Vietnam but President Johnson made the decision to engage in full warfare in the region. Because Johnson decided to engage in full warfare, it is fair and truthful to dub the Vietnam conflict, â€Å"Johnson’s War.† After President Johnson finished JFK’s term, he was in a bit of a â€Å"pickle.† Johnson wanted to stay the course in Vietnam but he feared that a military setback in the region would tarnish his image for the upcoming election. Johnson campaigned against Arizona Senator Barry

Intertestament Period Free Essays

Exploring the Bible 3 October, 2011 Inter-Biblical Period: 400 Years The Old Testament focuses on God’s covenant with his people and the stories of men of great faith and also men of prophecy, foretelling Christ coming. The New Testament, however, focuses on the redemption side. The Redemption side is Christ’s story here on Earth and his ministry to other people. We will write a custom essay sample on Intertestament Period or any similar topic only for you Order Now Malachi, the last book written in the Old Testament, was written around 424 B. C. Then 418 years after, the book of Matthew, the first book of the New Testament, was written. The Intertestamental Period is the period of history between the two testaments. Since God did not speak to his people directly through prophets, this period is also known as the 400 years of silence. Now, what happened in those four hundred years? The Intertestamental Period was a time where many empires came along, new religious groups formed, and where theological and literature pieces were developed that molded Israel going into the time of Christ. Politics in a nation help dictate and run the people, in Israel’s case, they had to deal with many empires coming in. During the Intertestamental Period, they had five key periods of leaders and kingdoms. The Persian Empire arrived around 430 B. C. and they ruled until 332 B. C. The Persian rule was recorded as being mild and tolerant. (Scott, 1783) The Persians were taken over by the Greeks. The Greek period went from 331 B. C. to 167 B. C. (Scott, 1783) Alexander the Great, son of King Philip of Macedonia, was given the control of the Greek army around the age of 20. (Halley, 402) With the control of the army, he was able to sweep over and take over Egypt, Assyria, Babylon, and Persia. Alexander the Great was very compassionate towards the Jews and he spared the city of Jerusalem. He established Greek cities in his conquered places and he did it with the plan to spread Greek culture and language throughout the world including Israel. After Alexander’s death, his empire was separated to his four generals. (Halley, 402) Egypt and Palestine was given to Ptolemy and under him the conditions of the Jews were at a peaceful state. In Egypt, Alexandria was the influential center of Judaism. In 167 B. C. was the beginning of the Period of Independence also known as the Maccabean period. Mattathias was a priest and he was upset at Antiochus motivation to destroy the Jews, so he gathered Jews and raised a revolt. Mattathias had five sons, Judas, Jonathan, Simon, John, and Elezar. (Halley, 404) The Maccabean period lasted until 63 B. C. and the Romans followed after. Palestine was conquered by the Romans under Pompey. Idumean was the first to be appointed ruler of Judea. His son, Herod the Great, succeeded him. (Halley, 404) Herod was a shrewd politician who wanted to get good with the Jews. He was very cruel and brutal towards his people. Politics and leaders are key roles in establishing a nation. In this case, these five empires helped develop rules and guidelines that led the people and that eventually grew and prepared Israel for the coming of Christ. During the 400 years of silence, religion was another area that grew in Israel. During this time, the religion was not set up was polytheistic or monotheistic but instead it was groups of people. For example the four main groups of the religions groups or parties are Pharisees, Sadducees, Zealots, and Herodians. These four groups followed what they believed and chose to do whatever they wanted to do. The Pharisees is the group most people probably know because of their role in the Gospels and the fact Paul was one. They took the Law and believed it was their job to take it and to put into new conditions. (Hester, 325-326) The accepted both the Torah and tradition. The Pharisees rejected anyone who didn’t live by the standards they did. On the opposite side were the Sadducees. They were the second main group and they had more power than the Pharisees until 70 A. D. when their temple was destroyed. (Hester, 325-326) The Sadducees consisted of the wealthy priests. They were a conservative group and they didn’t try to take the Law and put into a new situation but they instead took and limited themselves to the five books of Moses. After 70 A. D, the Pharisees were the leaders of the Jewish people by giving them a religious life aside from the temple. The other two parties were more political than religious groups. The Zealots were a nationalist group that opposed the Romans. Simon, one of Jesus’ disciples, was a Zealot. The other group, the Herodians, basically supported Herod and his dynasty and supported what he did for the nation. These four groups are the religious groups that developed the main teachings and guidelines people believe until Christ’s ministry began. Even though religion and politics are a big part of a civilization, another key role is the literature and writing of a nation. Literature and writing in Israel or any nation is an influential part because it is what the people follow and speak. In Israel, Hebrew was the language of the Old Testament. This was the main language of religion. Latin was the language of Roman and it was commonly spoken among the people. Greek was another language and it was the language that tied the Roman Empire together. The most common language of Palestine in Jesus’ day was Aramaic. (Halley, 410) Most writings are believed to have been written in Aramaic and translated into Greek. (Halley, 410) The Old Testament was written in Hebrew but was spoken in Greek. Septuagint is a translation of the Old Testament into Greek. The Torah was translated first. It was called the Septuagint because of the 70 translators and Septuagint means 70 in Greek. (Halley, 409) Another type of translation was Targums and they are translations of the Old Testament into Aramaic. They were first oral translations, paraphrases, and interpretations these types of languages and writing were influential in the development of the social status during the Intertestamental Period. Even though writing is important the question is what was the theology being taught during this period? Theology is important because it is what the people studied and how they viewed God. The Apocrypha, is writings which the writer assumed the name of a hero long since dead, and rewrote history in terms of prophecy. (Halley, 406) Some of this included, Books of Enoch, Assumption of Moses, Ascension of Isaiah, Book of Jubilees, Psalms of Solomon, and more. These books are the books that were written by people in the period of the 400 years of silence, and they preached about the prophecies that the prophets spoke and also the birth of Christ and the end times. This theology is the closest literature that the people had to connect to God and the prophecies that was spoken. All of these books spoke of Christ coming and his ministry that he will live for and preach. The Intertestamental Period consisted of political powers overtaking each other, religious groups, and theological books and literature that preached Christ coming and that developed the nation of Israel. The political side consisted of Persian, Greek, Egyptian, the Maccabees, and the Romans. The eligious side had the Pharisees, Sadducees, Zealots, and Herodians and they all had different views and theories. And the language part consisted of Latin, Greek, Hebrew, and Aramaic. The theology piece was the Apocrypha, which re-emphasized the prophets foretelling. All these pieces and parts put together made up the Intertestamental Period and it formed Israel and it carried over into the ministry of Jesus. The 400 years of silence at last was broken, and God sent his son Jesus Christ t o testify the truth and overcome the world. Work Cited Scott, J. Julius Jr. â€Å"Time Between the Testaments. † ESV Study Bible: English Standard Version. Wheaton, IL: Crossway Bibles. 2008. 1783-1789. Print. Halley, Dr. Henry H. Halley’s Bible Handbook: with New International Version. Grand Rapids, Michigan. Zondervan Publishing House. 2000. 402-412. Print. Hester, H. I. The Heart of Hebrew History: A Study of the Old Testestament. Liberty, Missouri, The Quality Press, Inc. 1962. 313-330. Print. How to cite Intertestament Period, Essay examples

Time Management for Studying free essay sample

A brief look at the benefits to students of sticking to a study routine. The writer presents the advantages of establishing a firm study routine for students when managing the load of school work and explains that this forms excellent habits for later life. The paper also gives practical advice for planning a schedule to assist in time management. To prevent wasting time, we must be able to set a well-defined goal, organize around priorities, and keep on track. One of the primary benefits of a time management program for studying is that it eliminates (or at least reduces) procrastination and a haphazard approach to school work, two characteristics that are typical of many students. Establishing a firm study routine has numerous advantages for individuals. First, a study routine keeps time from slipping away. Next, a study routine takes advantage of the fact that once a habit or routine is formed, it has a momentum of its own. We will write a custom essay sample on Time Management for Studying or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page